The 'badges of trade' tests whilst not conclusive are used by HMRC to help determine whether an activity is a proper economic trade / business activity or merely a money-making by-product of a hobby.

They are useful when careful consideration needs to be given to deciding whether a hobby has become a taxable activity. The approach by the courts in using the badges of trade has been to decide questions of trade on the basis of the overall impression gained from a review of all the badges.

HMRC will consider the following nine badges of trade as part of their overall investigation as to whether a hobby is actually a trade:

• Profit-seeking motive
• The number of transactions
• The nature of the asset
• Existence of similar trading transactions or interests
• Changes to the asset
• The way the sale was carried out
• The source of finance
• Interval of time between purchase and sale
• Method of acquisition

Even if HMRC consider that the activities in question are a trade, taxpayers can make up to £1,000 per year from their hobby using the trading allowance that was introduced in 2017.